Our job as investment advisors and portfolio managers is to capture returns from global capital markets while controlling portfolio risk. We do this by maximizing diversification, minimizing costs and seeking to make portfolios as tax efficient as possible.
A critical element in this work is matching portfolio risk to our clients’ risk tolerance. Your tolerance for risk depends not only on how comfortable you are with uncertainty, but also your capacity to take risk given your age, financial situation and life goals.
Last spring, Ken French, in association with Dimensional Fund Advisors, published an essay entitled Five Things I Know About Investing. French, a professor at Dartmouth College, is a giant in the world of finance who is best known for his work with Nobel Prize winner Eugene Fama.
The first part of his essay deals with risk. French proposes a definition of risk that steers clear of such technical concepts as volatility, standard deviation and beta. Instead, he defines risk as “uncertainty about lifetime consumption.”
He explains that people invest because they want to use their wealth in the future to achieve important goals like enjoying financial security, supporting the people and causes they care about and retiring comfortably. Risk is uncertainty about how much wealth it will take to achieve those lifetime goals.
“Some might plan to spend all the money on themselves for things like food, shelter, travel, recreation and medical care,” French says. “Others may plan to spend some of their wealth on political contributions, charitable donations, or gifts and bequests to their children…Investors like a high expected return because it increases the expected wealth that will be available to spend or give away. And everything else the same, risk averse investors prefer less uncertainty about their future wealth.”
In this light, the financial author Morgan Housel makes some important observations in his book The Psychology of Money about how risk and unforeseen events can jeopardize your future wealth.
“A plan is only useful if it can survive reality,” Housel writes in this excerpt from his book. “And a future filled with unknowns is everyone’s reality.”
According to Housel, surviving future unknowns to build wealth for lifetime consumption comes down to three things.
- First, more than big returns, you want to be financially unbreakable. In other words, you don’t want to take the kind of risks that will deplete your wealth and prevent you from benefitting from the power of compounding over the long term.
- Second, the most important part of your financial plan is to be prepared for things not to go as planned. You only have to think about the pandemic, the war in Ukraine or rising interest rates to know you should expect the unexpected. “Room for error – often called margin of safety – is one of the most underappreciated forces in finance. It comes in many forms: A frugal budget, flexible thinking and a loose timeline – anything that lets you live happily with a range of outcomes.”
- Third, Housel writes it’s vital to have a “barbelled personality” – optimistic about the future, but paranoid about what will prevent you from getting there. According to Housel, sensible optimism is a belief that odds are in your favour for things to work out over time even if you know there will be difficulties along the way. To make it to that optimistic future, you have to make prudent decisions and stay the course when things are looking bleak.
We have to accept risk and cope with uncertainty to build wealth and achieve the goals we have set for ourselves. The key is to understand the risks you are taking; ensure they are consistent with your tolerance for risk; and control them prudently and consistently over time.
I encourage you to read Ken French’s essay to benefit from his other observations about investing. I also invite you to download the latest episode of our Capital Topics podcast where we discuss French’s essay in more detail.